Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference 
of the Forestry Association of Nigeria 
held in Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 
07 -11 November, 2005 
Edited by 
L. Popoola 
P. Mfon 
P.1. Oni 

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E!'.TVlROl\T}\1El'.'lAL A.ND ENERGY PROFILE OF THE 
NIGERlA!.~ FOREST Th'DUSTRY 
J. A. Akande 
Bowen University 
ptvrn 284, Iwo. Os un State, Nigeria 
Abstract 
Extensive survey of forest-reliant firms including sawmills and other large 
integrated wood processing complexes was carried out. The survey employed 
physical evaluation of production facilities and completion of structured 
questionnaire using information collected from respondents at the mill sites. 
Results showed that the Nigerian forest industry is limited by environmental 
and energy imperatives. Many ofthe wood industries were established without 
adequate attention given to environmental protection. The industry is strongly 
dependent on contractors who care little about reduced impact logging (RIL) 
once they can make profit. Forest industry wastes also place significant burden 
on exploitation regime and environmental protection. The firms generally have 
no pollution records. Sawdust dumps constitute social nuisance and should be 
channeled towards production of value added wood products. Many of the 
firms have no first-aid medical facilities, thus, workforce protection against 
operational hazard is limited. Half-masking is generally employed against dusts 
and smoke while other hazard sources like noise, fire, electricity, heavy weight, 
moving objects, chemicals etc are treated with less concern. Other hazards 
faced by logging contractors include vehicular breakdown, marshy and un- 
motorable terrain that limits hauling. Inter-ethnic conflicts often introduce major 
barriers to timber availability and dynamics. Energy-wise, the operators generally 
rely on public grid for electricity, which is not reliable, causing frequent 
interruption of !",;-;:',,-.;ssing. There is about 50% downtime resulting from National 
Electric Power Authority (NEPA) failures leading to irregular industry work 
schedule. Finns that employ the use of power generators also find it difficult to 
cope with rising cost of fuel that is disincentive to sawmill expansion and 
profitability, hence, a rising trend of mill closure. Burdensome is the effect of 
corruption and bureaucracy along the wood marketing chain that force actors 
to look for illegal means of increasing profit margin by way of illegal felling. 
Over 90% of the mills have no approved Environmental Impact Assessment 
(ElA) neither do they carry out energy audit (EA). All these have undue effects 
on industrial efficiency and sustainability of the raw material base. 
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pollution. Furthermore, many of the existing forest industries are owned and 
managed by businessmen who are not sufficiently sensitized on environmental 
and efficiency imperatives. 
To promote sustainable management of the Nigerian wood industries therefore, 
this paper evaluates the industry environmental impact and suggests appropriate 
policies for key actors in forest industry development. It is hoped that the results 
shall encourage institutional strengthening; improve forest management 
practices; promote policy and supportive legislative framework that supports 
industrial waste reduction, material reuse and recycling for environmental 
sustainabilitv. 
Introduction 
The forest industries in Nigeria have contributed immensely to industrial 
development, employment, and human welfare. The industries form the 
production base for a wide range of products including processed timber, 
plywood, pulp and paper, particleboard, sawn wood, etc. but in the last two 
decades. there has been a great concern as to whether the operational status of 
these industries is consistent with contemporary drive towards sustainable forest 
management and environmental control (lTTO 200 I). 
Annual cut of timber by the forest industries exceeds replenishment status to 
the extent that western environmentalists now criticize tropical timber producers 
for thei r forest management practices. These environmentalists call for boycotts 
of tropical timber products that are not certified as derived from well-managed 
forests By 1998, an Expert Group meeting held in Kyoto, Japan discussed 
"Clean Deve lopment Mechanisms and Sustainable Industrial Development" 
(lT1\DO 2000). A major resolution of this summit was that African Industries 
shouic build institutional and infrastructure capacity to take full advantage of 
opportunities available in world trade. This issue became topical to the extent 
that the International Tropical Timber Council, by the year 2003, committed 
about 56.6 million in grants for initiatives promoting sustainable forest 
management. greater transparency in tropical timber trade and the development 
of sustainable forest based industries (ITTO 20C2). 
The aoi liry to bring human and natural resources together in concert with available 
capital. technology. market, environmental and industrial policy will make the 
difference between success and failure. Evidently, clean technology 
developments have contributed to the overall growth of nations that have the 
know-how. Industrial and technological explosions and unabridged pursuit of 
short-term economic gains have, however, brought phenomenal depletion of 
the forest base. It is pertinent that technological advances must discourage 
environmentally damaging behavior in all its ramifications. This is achievable 
through appropriate regulatory and incentive policies, which should be carefully 
mapped out with sustainability as the underlying principle. 
For a variety of reasons, the Nigerian forest industry has lagged behind in 
adopting state-of-the-art technologies in forest products processing when 
contrasted to situations in some other sub-Saharan West African countries. 
This has made recovery from typical Nigerian sawmills to be as low as 30% 
due to poor technology and skill development. In consequence, forest industrial 
wastes Dlace a si£nificant burden on forest exploitation and environmental 
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concessions or permit, such property is often reassigned to log contractors who 
extract and supply at an agreed stumpage. The mill owners consider contract 
logging to be more cost effective than self-logging, thus there is strong dependence 
on the contractors who care little about sustainable or reduced impact logging 
once the venture is profitable. Suffice to say, re-investment of profit had been 
the most important source of finance for business expansion in the sawmill 
industry. Thus, earning expedients grossly influence decision and operational 
modes of the mill owners. 
Environmental Issues 
The proliferation of small size sawmills has accentuated illegal logging practices 
because of attendant pressure on the available forest stock. In the face of 
dwindling forest base and high demand for wood, the government cannot fold 
hands. Hence, to salvage the forest environment and take care of domestic 
demand for wood, govemment policy does not approve the export of round 
wood but favors export of value added furniture components. However, because 
of continuing abuse, the Nigerian government by the year 2004 demonstrated 
greater commitments to protecting the wood industry by instituting a total ban 
on furniture import and Teak (Tectona grandis) export, both in the round wood 
and processed form. Towards the end of the same year, righter measures that 
prohibit movement of wood in whatever form out of the country was put in 
place. This, hopefully, was meant to stabilize the threatened Teak plantations 
and allow Nigerian forests to be sustainably managed while encouraging wood 
companies to add value, market aggressively at the home front and be actively 
engaged in environmental commitments, legality oflog extraction and custody. 
Since the early seventies, the largest concentration of sawmills in Nigeria had 
been in Oko-Baba, Lagos. Sawmills at this industrial park still numbers about 
200. These are in addition to other eighty (80) sawmills in the Lagos-Ikorodu 
axis and other twenty-five (2S) sawmills and plank sellers in the lkeja axis of 
Lagos. Thus, about 300 sawmills are scattered over Lagos State alone. Log 
supply to the Oko-Baba mills are via land and water, but due to city expansion 
and development activities, the sawmill park is now congested and constitutes 
a nuisance with attendant sawdust dumps and smokes from dust incineration. 
Now with the assistance of the United Nations Industrial Development 
Organization (UNIDO), the Lagos State government is at the advanced stage 
of moving the Oko-Baba sawmill park to Ejirin (about SO hectare area of land) 
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in Epe Local Government where UNIDO will assist in utilizing the sawdust 
waste for producing particleboards and briquettes. 
A large majority of the firms surveyed do not have pollution records. Incidentally 
majority of the workers are trained on the job and they carry the same attitude 
along their professional life. A good number of the woodworking mills operate 
single shift per day ranging from 9am to 6pm. Many have no first aid facilities 
and claim to have a company clinic outside the work premises. They complain 
of financial constraints; hence, workforce protection against operational hazard 
is limited. Half-masking is generally employed against dusts and smoke while 
other hazard source like noise, fire, electricity, heavy weight, falls, moving objects, 
radioactive exposure, chemicals, heat and heavy metals are treated with less 
concern. The common diseases identified with the mill operators are sneezing, 
backache, eye irritation, throat irritation and catarrh with Odogbo (Anthostema 
aubryanum) processing. 
Paradoxically, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is not yet a culture 
imbibed by the mill operators. More than 90% of the mills studied declared that 
there was no approved Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) carried out in 
their [urns. Sawdust may accumulate up to 2,SOOm3 on ground before burning 
at an average cost ofNSOO/month. Usually, there is no Environmental Manager 
but internal arrangements are made to regulate workflow, movement of logs 
and vehicles. Some of the dusts are sold for sporting and field marking; some 
used in poultry yards. The sawdust of Apa (Ajzelia african a ), when processed 
solely had been found useful for the production of mosquito coils. There are 
also usually no pollution records neither do the firms carry out energy audits. 
Written health' and accident records are generally missing and few instances 
exist where the supervisor thoughtlessly claimed to commit such records to 
memory. 
Logging operation is seasonal in Nigeria. During the rains ( April- September), 
little logging is carried out. Thus, only about seven months (October- March) 
of active logging is done. Log supply from forests to the sawmills are hindered 
by loggers avoidance of marshy terrains during the rainy periods. While the 
impact of this is pronounced inland, it was observed that timber contractors 
ship logs to Lagos State where market and sales are most promising. The . 
explanation is that during the rainy season, when the water level rises, the 
lagoon helps to raft (Figure 1) most wood to Lagos. Ultimately, larger supply of . 
logs during this period produce cost reduction that attracts customers from 
adjoining States . 
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f!g:J.re 1: Logs rafted over lagoon water to Oko-Baba sawmill in 
Lagos 
:\0:able hazards faced by logging contractors include vehicular breakdown, 
marshy and un-rnotorable terrain that limits hauling. In recent times, reports 
have it that the cost of production by an average wood worker, in Nigeria, is 
unduly high because of the cumulative effects of bribery along the wood transport 
and marketing chain: also due to high energy cost and unsteadiness; interstate 
log taxes; administration of forestry hammer by non-professionals and inefficient 
institutional performance (1\lTEL NEPA, Forest service, Police inclusive). Many 
of the mill owners complained of cash flow constraints, thus, only 20 to 30% of 
the rni II proceeds are ploughed back to run the business. 

Wood residues like edgings (waste slabs); wanes (bark) and sawdusts form 
almost 70% of output from the processed lumber. Thus, the sawmills have low 
recover; siace the target product is mainly sawnwocd. Badejo (J 980) studied 
-:5 small $'~G sawmiils around Lagos area and found that about 21,000 m3 of 
residues a • .:: generated every year. These residues consist of slabs 13,300m3, 
Bark 46,000:113 and Sawdust 31 ,000m3• Waste disposal is largely mechanical as 
pneumatic transport technologies (Figures 2 & 3) are found generally in mills 
manufacturing specialized products like parquets, particleboard and plywood. 
Dumped wastes (Figure 4) are often incinerated or burnt (Figure 5) openly. 
The reasons for low recovery according to Alviar and Oni (1981) could be 
traced te' (2.). Technology fix such as adherence ofmil1 operators to traditional 
;:--z.c:ice of sawing logs (2.54cm x 30 .48cm x 3.66:0) dimensions, which resulted' 
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in big chunks of slabs to be thrown away as waste (b). Poor saw fitting and 
maintenance practices that result in inaccurate cuts and (c). Lack of secondary 
processing machines such as trimmers of edges to salvage usable portions of 
the slabs and culled planks, also (d). Poor sawing techniques resulting from 
inadequately trained or inexperienced sawyers. 

Badejo (J 980)and Thorpe (J 983) in a review of the level of wood conversion 
and utilization in Nigeria contended that about 45% oflogs fed into the sawmill 
industry end up as mill residue. Sanwo, (1981) traced the sawmill poor conversion 
efficiency to poor mill set up/layout, improper saw head, improper carriage 
alignment, improper calculation of depth of cut, inadequate or unsteady power· 
supply, excessive vibration of defective machines occasioned by faulty 
installation, poor saw maintenance, lack of supervision and limited financial 
strength of small-sized saw millers that hinder maximum util ization of logs. 
Interethnic conflicts were also found to be a major impediment to timber 
availability and dynamics. For example, due to hostility experienced in the riverine 
areas, wood raw materials from the mangrove could not be rafted and the 
processing mills started folding up. As at now, 80% of the formerly existing 
sawmills in Delta State had closed down while less than 20% are currently in 
working conditions. 
Basic transmission pole treatment involves debarking and painting with 
preservatives. The common preservatives are CCA. (Copper Chrone Arsenate) 
::.nrl the mixture of solignum and Termex A. Copper chrome arsenate leaves a 
greenish coloration while solignum with TermexA leaves a darker coloration. 
These preservatives have toxicity thresholds, and must be treated with care, 
but the preservative treated woods are non-hazardous to workers (Akande 
2003). 
Fig. 2: A woodworking workshop and warehouse with pneumatic dust conveyors 
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Fig. 3: A pneumatic dust blower/exhaust on designated site of a wood processing 
Thill 

Fig. 4: Accumulating sawdust in a sawmill 

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Fig. 5: Burnt sawdust makes the mill premises cleaner • 

Omoluabi (1994) reported that about ten firms engage in the production of 
traasraissioc poles in Nigeria. Ll1 agreement with Popoola (1999) it was found 
tna: other unregistered producers are scattered all over the' country and they 
either do not treat the poles or use substandard treatment techniques. None or 
pooriy trested poles lead to poor performance in service and in-service failures 
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could sometimes be catastrophic. Virtually all the respondents affirmed that 
power failure, expensive spear pal-ts, illegal logging, closure afforest reserves, 
in-situ log flitching and bribery along the log control channel, through government 
policing, leading to high product cost that is non-competitive are the main 
problems. 
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Energy Imperatives 	, 
Majority oftbe saw millers rely on the public grid for electricity supply, which is 
not reliable hence frequent interruption of processing. Incessant power outage 
from the power grid limits the number of shifts the mills can run per day. 
Generally the smaller sawmills run one shift per day. For medium sized mills 
that afford the use of power generators, the cost offuel is also limiting. Thus, 
increase in firm production cost is influenced by the capital cost of machinery, 
the cost of fuel and log transportation from the stump. The medium to large 
mills complain of frequent hike in the cost of diesel (Figure 6) also described as 
automobile gasoline oil (AGO). Unfortunately, the democratic dispensation (1999 
to date) in Nigeria has introduced over 400% rise in the cost of fuel. This 
makes production cost high and profit margin low, hence, a rising trend of mill 
closure. Notably, 40% of the sawmills in Edo State own power generators, 
particularly the F.G Wilson 220 - 300KYA brands. This is a coping mechanism 
to deal with a minimum of50% downtime from NEPA failures. Many have the 
250KYA power generators but the difficulty in getting diesel and the escalating 
cost per litre of the fuel makes it difficult to run the generators perpetually. 
Technology adsorption is needed to utilize industrial wastes for steam production 
and cogeneration while making effort to reduce wastage and reduce energy 
cost in production. 
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Figure 6: Fuel (pMS and AGO Diesel) price in I"'igeria over years 

The electric transmission poles are generally made from Nauclea diderichii 
(Opepe) while limited T2CTono grandis (Teak) Gmelina arborea, Cassia 
siamea and Eucalyptus spp. are introduced as the case may be. The treated 
poles are sold to the electric power providers including ~EPA, Rural Electricity 
Boards, Community Projects etc who place orders for the items and collect 
after treatment. 
Discussion of Results 

Frequent 1\EPA outages have led to idle capacities, with the result that the 
production cost soars and become non-competitive. Gross inadequacy of working 
capital (under capitalization) is a bane to some of the wood base industries. The 
use of old and obsolete machinery produces dire consequences on the level of 
efficiency, productivity and competitiveness. It is hopeful that the current 
restructuring of commercial banks in Nigeria will make available more investment 
capital for operators. 

In Nigeria, the forest industry could be more efficient when complemented 
with technology improvements that facilitate regular electric power supply, 
regular availability of logs, also machines in top functioning conditions can improve 
conversion efficiency when matched with the availability of required labor that 
are determined to succeed by putting in productive shifts and man-hours. 
226 
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This study encourages green investment in continuous plantation offast growing 
species like Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Nauclea diderichii. It 
should also encourage green enterprise that utilizes waste products for 
particleboard; briquenes while any future investment in forest industry should 
be more economically taken. The country should encourage private investment 
that is subject to the discipline of the market place e.g. by introducing governance 
structure to limit or inhibit illegal felling activities. A requirement for success 
will be high-quality management of resources with broader knowledge and 
understanding of associated issues such as world competitiveness in marketing. 
The relatively large number of band mills and powered chain saws actually 
encouraged illegal felling thereby making the large integrated wood enterprises 
uneconomic when compared to their counterparts in other West African nations. 
The Government should endeavor to withdraw licenses from sawmill owners 
who cut stolen logs while commendation awards could be given to log contractors 
who help to stem down illegal activities through network reporting, arrest activities 
or srrategizing. Where chainsaw ripped flitches are ubiquitous such as in Enugu 
State, Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State illegal felling activities may be 
difficult to arrest unless with proper log inventory and control, also active 
participation of community interest groups should be harnessed. 

The fact that very few S3\\ millers have forest reserve concessions limits their 
profitability margin. OYer 70% of the logs supplied into the mills come from 
private log contractors who, in fact, are not foresters or saw millers and this 
accentuates the magnitude of illegal felling. Apart from the fact that logging 
operation by contractors is inefficient and wasteful, many of the logs processed 
in sawmills through contract sawing include illegal logs not properly documented 
in control. However, illegal felling could not take place without the cooperation 
and conn ivance offorest guards with the fellers and log contractors who make 
desperate attempts to make undue profits by jumping established log control. 
apparatus. This approach undermines the market for reputable contractors who 
may ultimately be encouraged to join the bandwagon. 
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Conclusion and Recommendations 

The forest industry in Nigeria could be more efficient when 
complemented with technology improvements that facilitate regular 
electric power supply, regular availability of logs, also machines in top 
functioning conditions that can improve conversion efficiency when 
matched with the availability of required labor that are determined to 
succeed by putting in productive shifts and man-hours. 
It is notable that many of the wood industries were established without adequate 
attention paid to environmental protection. A large number of mill operators 
appear to lack the necessary awareness on recent green technologies and devices 
for eliminating wastages. Credible innovations have been ignored due to high 
casts of initial investment on equipment and the development of in-house technical 
capability to handle such equipment. It may be useful therefore to establish 
wood-base business information and industrial centers to offer forest industry 
advisory and technical assistance as well as promote skill development and 
information dissemination. 
Also, industrialists are much interested in investing available funds in profit 
oriented projects and therefore place secondary interest in energy eificiency. 
As a result, energy resources are wasted with resultant environmental 
degradation. In many parts of Nigeria., there is no clear demarcation between 
•	vhere the mills are located and the residential plots. The consequence is that 
noise and unwanted particulates impact negatively on the human population in 
nearby residences. 
Pertinent is the effect of corruption and bureaucracy on the wood industry. For 
example, demurrage costs on imported paper products, insecurity oflives and 
property arising from easily compromised security agencies, also, visible operators 
along the wood supply line becoming targets of various tiers of State forest 
services as a ready source of revenue through indiscriminate levy and taxation. 
All these are burdensome and sometimes force actors to look for illegal means 
of increasing profit margin, such as involvement in illegal felling that must be 
tacked headlong. 

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Government should pursue green investment by establishing continuous 
plantation of fast growing species like Gmelina arborea, Tectona. 
grandis and Nauclea diderichii. It should also encourage green 
enterprise that utilizes waste products for part.cleboard; briquettes while 
any future investment in forest industry should be more economically 
taken. The country should encourage private investment that is subject 
to the discipline of the market place e.g. by introducing governance 
structure to limit or inhibit illegal felling activities. A requirement for 
success will be high-quality management of resources with broader 
knowledge and understanding of associated issues such as world 
competitiveness in marketing. 

The anticipated positive changes shall be prompted by new opportunities, 
new technologies and efforts to stay in business. Management actions 
must not only be based on reactions to external influences (protectionism) 
or follow-the-leader mentality, but on planned strategies. Appropriate 
strategies and management actions will be based on a business 
environment dominated by financial considerations; shrinking wood base; 
government regulations; competitions with products from neighboring 
countries; environmental and technological imperatives. 

The current trend assessment showed that forest industrial managers 
can only thrive in the competitive market if premium is placed on: 
intensifying efforts to improve forest and forest products productivity 
and product quality; developing sound strategies and management actions 
to achieve growth; becoming less dependent or trade protectionism, 
which is subtly controlled by earnings expedients: acquiring knowledge 
and technology flowing from foreign direct investors (FDI) so as to he 
able to supply what the consumer demands and investing on foresters 
and environmental management experts with finance and business 
management training and experience. 

It is also useful to encourage the establishment and promotion of small 
to medium size sawmill clusters, which specialize in specific products 
and technologies. There should be continuous upgrade of production 

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lines to minimize the industry negative impact on the environment while 
at the same time encouraging acceptable standards of practice in 
operation to ensure healthy and safe conditions of the employees and 
adjoining communities. 
Saw millers do not generally employ skilled professionals (considered 
as externalities) for fear of accurate recording! reporting and knowledge 

of process quality and evaluation, which, if revealed, may limit corrupt • 
tendencies of the log contractors. The loggers gain illegal access to 
forest resource by colluding with the forest guards and their impact 
can adversely affect sustainable forest management. In this wise, it is 
pertinent to improve forest policy system to avoid collusion of illegal 
saw millers / loggers and circumvent illegal exploitation. Nigeria is a 
subscriber to the African Forest Law and Governance (AFL&G) 
initiative and as such, the issue of illegal logging must not be left 
unattended. 
As an environmental control strategy. it will be useful if saw millers 
can form cooperatives large enough to invest in logging and transport 
equipments. The State governments can also explore the possibility of 
direct forest inventory, logging and log procurement. By doing these, 
the forestry department will harvest the logs and sell at valued prices 
while ascertaining the legality of source. 
Acknowledgement 
The author appreciate the financial contribution and permission of the African 
Forest Research Network (AFOIt'.JET) Nairobi, Kenya to publish ~!';~ work. 
References 
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Akande, J .A. 2003. Environmental education on wood preservatives aIM! 

prerservative-treated wood products. Journal of Environmental Extension, 
4:55-58. 
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Alviar G.c. and T.A Oni 1981. Preliminary report on forest industries in Nigeria. 
UNDPIFAOINIGERlA Development of Forest Management Capability Draft 
Working Document No. 12. 21pp. 

Badejo, S.O.O. 1980. Quantitative anf qualitative survey of generated wood 
residues in Lagos State sawmills. A paper prepared for the 12th Biennial 
Conference of the Science Association of Nigeria. 
ITTO Tropical Forest Update. 2001. The process of further processing. Vol. 
II No.1, 	pp J- 7. 

ITTO Tropical Forest Update. 2002. ITTO funds secondary forest management. 
certification. Vol. 12 no. 4. pp 20-21. 

Omoluabi, A.C. 1994. Sub-sector studies for the comprehensive review of 
\ igerian Customs Excise Tariffs (Forestry, Wood and Wood products). A report 
prepared for the Enterprise Consulting Group Limited, Lagos. Nigeria. September 
1994.20pp. 

Popoola, L. 1999. Forest Resources Study: Marketing and Pricing Policy 
Component (FRS Nigeria). A FOR.MECU-ADB Study by Beak Consultancy 
Limited. Draft final report. 

Sanwo, S.K 1981. Wood utilization in the small scale saw milling industry in 
Nigeria. Paper presented at the II"' annual conference of FA)\:, Akure.23- 
27Novernber 1981. 15pp. 

Thorpe, E. 1983. Nigerian forestry subsector review. Repon submitted to 
Forestry Projects Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, FDF, Nigeria. 52pp. 
UNlDO 2000. African industry and climate change proceedings. 198pp. 
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